8.3. Steady Aerodynamics#

2-dimensional flows

3-dimensional flows

todo

  • Some remarks, using vorticity dynamics:

    • the starting vortex: when were vorticity and circulation generated?

    • vortex intensity of the wake: \(\boldsymbol\gamma_w(\mathbf{r}_w(\mathbf{r}_TE)) = \Delta \boldsymbol\gamma(\mathbf{r}_TE)\), from integral balance of vorticity in a stream-tube (todo check it and add details)

    • wake dynamics: transport of vorticity + vortex stretching; using vorticity equation, the shape of the wake \(\mathbf{r}_w(\mathbf{r}_TE)\) and its intensity \(\gamma(\mathbf{r}_w)\) can be computed (todo check it and add details) - or use Helmholtz’s vortex theorem + Kelvin’s circulation theorem (todo Add sections in the vorticity dynamics, or add a section here in Aerodynamics chapter, under the assumptions of almost-everywhere irrotational flow and negliglible viscosity effects.)

8.3.1. Mathematical model#

\[\begin{split}\begin{aligned} - \Delta \phi & = 0 && \mathbf{r} \in \Omega \\ \hat{\mathbf{n}} \cdot \boldsymbol\nabla \phi & = 0 && \mathbf{r} \in S_{body} \\ \phi & = \dots && \mathbf{r} \in S_{\infty} \end{aligned}\end{split}\]

In order to build a domain where the flow is irrotational, wake regions must be cut from the domain: both sides of these regions become part of the boundary of the domain. As shown below, there’s no physical wake for 2-dimensional steady flows, while wakes exist in 3-dimensional flows.

8.3.2. Green’s function method#

Derivation of the Green’s function for the Poisson problem

Solution.

\(E(\mathbf{r}_0)\)

Asymptotic behavior of the perturbation velocity

Doublet/vortex equivalence

Zero wake vorticity in steady 2-dimensional problems

Details in integration by parts on surface in doublet/vortex equivalence

Relationship between doublet/vortex distribution and the circulation - 2-dimensional steady problems

\(\oint_{\mathbf{r}_0 \in \ell_0} \hat{\mathbf{t}}_0 \times \nabla_0 G(\mathbf{r}; \mathbf{r}_0)\)

Asymptotic behavior of the perturbation potential

8.3.3. Wake and the shape of the domain#

Physical conditions, with jump conditions

No physical wake in 2-dimensional steady flows

Wake in steady 2-dimensional flows

8.3.4. Theorems#

8.3.4.1. Kutta-Joukowski theorem#

Details

Circulation in Kutta-Joukowski theorem

8.3.4.2. D’Alembert paradox - 2 dimensional flow#